Case studies demonstrate that 72.8% of 782 low voltage substations have systematic imbalance components. is calculated based on the systematic imbalance component to guide phase swapping.
Then, this paper proposes a new method to decompose three-phase power series into a systematic imbalance component and a random imbalance component as the closed-form solutions of quadratic optimization models that minimize random imbalance. The former mainly cause systematic imbalance, which can be addressed by low-cost phase swapping the latter contribute to random imbalance, which requires relatively costly demand. Uneven load allocations and random load behaviors are two major causes for three-phase power imbalance.
Three Phase Power Imbalance Decomposition into Systematic Imbalance and Random Imbalance The electron disorder induced heating is also found in the simulation.Įnergy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)Ĭhen, Tianxing Lu, Ronghua, E-mail: Guo, Li Han, Shensheng [Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 (China) The radial profiles of electron temperature are given for the first time, and the self-similar expansion can still occur even if there is no global thermal equilibrium. The influences of plasma size and parameters on the charge imbalance are discussed. The expansion of outer plasma slows down with the charge imbalance. Spontaneous evolutions of the charge imbalance from the initial states with perfect neutrality are given in the simulations. The details of the electron velocity distributions are calculated without the assumption of electron global thermal equilibrium and Boltzmann distribution.
The calculations are performed by a full molecular-dynamics simulation. The results of charge imbalance in the expansion of ultracold plasmas are reported. Ultracold plasmas are regarded as quasineutral but not strictly neutral. International Nuclear Information System (INIS)Ĭhen, Tianxing Lu, Ronghua Guo, Li Han, Shensheng The charge imbalance in ultracold plasmas This review summarizes different views on how microbes cope with imbalanced supply of C, N and P, thereby providing a framework for integrating and linking microbial adaptation to resource imbalances to ecosystem scale fluxes across scales and ecosystems. Theoretical considerations show that adjustments in element use efficiencies may be the most important mechanism by which microbes regulate their biomass stoichiometry. Fourth, diazotrophic bacteria and saprotrophic fungi may trigger the input of external N and P to decomposer communities. Third, microbes can regulate their element use efficiencies (ratio of element invested in growth over total element uptake, such that they release elements in excess depending on their demand (e.g., respiration and N mineralization. Second, microbial communities can mobilize resources that meet their elemental demand by producing specific extracellular enzymes, which, in turn, is restricted by the C and N requirement for enzyme production itself. Such changes are, however, only moderate, and occur mainly because of changes in microbial community structure and less so due to cellular storage of elements in excess. Microbial communities can respond to these imbalances in four ways: first, they adapt their biomass composition towards their resource in a non-homeostatic behaviour.
The stoichiometric imbalance between microbial communities and their organic substrates generally decreases from wood to leaf litter and further to topsoil and subsoil organic matter. In this review we synthesize the current state-of-the-art of microbial adaptations to resource stoichiometry, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions between heterotrophic microbial communities and their chemical environment. Stoichiometric imbalances between terrestrial decomposer communities and their resources: mechanisms and implications of microbial adaptations to their resourcesĭirectory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)įull Text Available Terrestrial microbial decomposer communities thrive on a wide range of organic matter types that rarely ever meet their elemental demands. The theory proposes four typologies: dependence, compensation, submission, and transgression, through which imbalances in resource contribution and power distribution between spouses are hypothesized to contribute to… This article develops an imbalance theory to explain physical violence against women in intimate relationships in South Africa. Wife Beating in South Africa: An Imbalance Theory of Resources and Power